Just guessing that your caller was from area code 660, 661, 662, 664, 667 or 669. If VoIP.ms sent the number as 10 digits to a tandem carrier that assumes E.164 format (even without a leading +), your cell carrier would display a Thai number.
For example, [+1] 662-345-6789 is a valid number in Tutwiler, Mississippi, US (never been, wouldn't want to go), while [+] 66 2 345 6789 is a valid number in Bangkok (I'm here and it's great).
If you open a ticket with VoIP.ms, they can probably tell you who their upstream was for the outbound leg of a problematic call, and what format they used for the caller ID. Ideally, they should send starting with +1, so there is no possible ambiguity.