telcodad IDK, do the MVNOs buy service “in bulk” from AT&T and then manage their own subscriber’s accounts?'
It’s complicated.
A lot of the MVNO use specialized back-end companies to do their administration.
Generically these are called Mobile Virtual Network Aggregators and Mobile Virtual Network Enablers (MVNA and MVNE).
Plintron is one such, I believe they did (or still do) a LOT of back end not just for independent MVNO such as Red Pocket, but also for some T-Mobile projects and others.
AFAIK (could be wrong!) the companies such as Red Pocket do use the back-end folks such as Plintron to largely manage their customer accounts.
But some MVNO companies are fully OWNED by the majors—for example, AT&T bought Cricket in 2014—so they are possibly more integrated.